Method Profile
Compare lung-cancer culture formats and use a short native-immune window for pembrolizumab and radiation–STING testing.
Preclinical treatment comparison with retained endogenous immune cells and explicit passage limits.
Patient lung-cancer cell-based ALI organoids compared with minced-tissue ALI and conventional domes, with or without IL-2.
Culture yield and immune retention characterization, day-15 single-cell profiling, seven-day pembrolizumab assay and radiation follow-up to day 24.
Drug and radiation comparisons
Pembrolizumab 10 μg/mL versus IgG4 for seven days. Radiation 0/4/8/16 Gy; four models tested diABZI 5 μM for two hours daily for four days after radiation, against monotherapies.
Readouts
Organoid formation/area, immune fractions, single-cell composition, granzyme B/IFNγ and IFIT1/IFIT2/IFNB1 expression. Native immune abundance and culture state decline with passage.
Evaluate formation in paired formats and use first-passage cultures for treatment comparisons. Keep immune composition, cytokine/granzyme changes and structural collapse as distinct outcomes.
16/19 cultures established; direct method comparison four patients, matched immune comparison three, pembrolizumab five and radiation–STING four. The single-cell donor count was not specified.
Tissue ALI, domes ± IL-2, IgG4, radiation and diABZI monotherapies.
Cell-based ALI improved paired formation and immune retention. IL-2 did not significantly improve overall primary immune fractions and impaired subsequent organoid growth. Pembrolizumab responses occurred in two of five models; radiation plus diABZI caused greater collapse than either treatment alone.
Primary study comparisons of the stated models, treatments and measurements.
A cell-based air–liquid interface culture retained endogenous immune cells more effectively than dome culture, although immune content declined with passage. Small model subsets tested pembrolizumab, radiation and a radiation–STING-agonist combination without validating clinical checkpoint-response prediction.
